that outlines the four required elements for a practice to be legally ruled as torture: severe pain/suffering, intentionality, specific purpose, and official capacity. Theorizing about Torture : A paper from the Institute for Advanced Study
of extreme methods, these sources discuss similar "academy" structures: Rationalizing Torture through Professionalization -tickle torture academy-
: This research details the involvement of psychologists in developing and standardizing "interrogation strategies" at military and intelligence "black sites". Medical Complicity in Torture that outlines the four required elements for a
: A collection of research papers discussing how professional groups (including medical and psychological) have historically been involved in "cruel interrogation" practices. Legal and Ethical Frameworks For papers regarding the legal definition -tickle torture academy-