And Solutions | Image Processing Exam Questions

10 12 12 14 16 12 10 12 14 16 12 12 10 14 16 14 14 14 10 18 16 16 16 18 20 Compute the output of a at center position (row 3, col 3) – 1-indexed (value=10). Use zero-padding.

| Spatial Domain | Frequency Domain | |----------------|------------------| | Operates directly on pixels | Operates on Fourier transform of image | | Uses masks/kernels (e.g., Sobel, averaging) | Uses filters (low-pass, high-pass) | | Faster for small kernels | Faster for large kernels (using FFT) | | Intuitive for local operations | Better for periodic noise removal | Q5. Given a 5×5 image region (pixel values): Image Processing Exam Questions And Solutions

Output pixel = Q6. Perform histogram equalization on a 4-bit image (0-15) with histogram: Gray level: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Frequency: 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Total pixels = 8 10 12 12 14 16 12 10 12

10 10 20 10 10 20 10 10 20 Gx convolution at center: (-1×10)+(0×10)+(+1×20) + (-2×10)+(0×10)+(+2×20) + (-1×10)+(0×10)+(+1×20) = (-10+0+20) + (-20+0+40) + (-10+0+20) = 10 + 20 + 10 = 40. Gy = 0 (uniform vertically). Magnitude = 40 → strong vertical edge. Q8. Convolution and correlation are identical operations in image processing. Solution: False. In convolution, the kernel is flipped (rotated 180°) before applying; correlation does not flip. Given a 5×5 image region (pixel values): Output

Extract 3×3 neighborhood around row3,col3 (value=10) – rows 2-4, cols 2-4 (1-indexed):